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Households piling on debt faster than creating assets’
Households piling on debt faster than creating assets’
T.C.A. Sharad Raghavan
New Delhi
The annual financial debt accumulated by Indian households has grown faster than their annual financial assets since the pre-pandemic year 2019-20, an analysis of Reserve Bank of India data has found.
The amount of financial assets added each year has grown 48% between 2019 and 2025, while the annual liabilities have grown 102% over that period. Even as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the annual financial asset addition is lower this year than before the pandemic, while the annual liabilities added are higher.
Data also reveal a significant shift in the way Indians save, with mutual funds becoming a popular instrument for households to invest their money.
Households added ₹24.1 lakh crore to their financial assets in 2019-20, which grew to ₹35.6 lakh crore in 2024-25, the latest period for which the RBI has released data. This is a growth of 48%. On the other hand, households added ₹15.7 lakh crore worth of financial liabilities to their portfolios in 2024-25, which is 102% higher than the ₹7.5 lakh crore they added in 2019-20.
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Mapping India's GDB: Survey reveals how states fare in social behaviour
India might be the fastest-growing economy, but how does it fare on social indicators like civic behaviour, safety, gender attitudes and diversity? A first-of-its-kind survey by India Today across 21 states sheds light on the social progress of the country.
CIVIC BEHAVIOUR
The civic behaviour domain, which assessed adherence to public rules, threw up interesting statistics. While 85 per cent of those surveyed gave a thumbs down to evading transport fares, government data has revealed that the Railways alone detected 3.6 crore cases of ticketless travel in 2023-24. It resulted in fines of Rs 2,231.74 crore.
The data underlines enforcement failure and the challenge of ensuring accountability by the government.
Another telling statistic the survey revealed is that 61 per cent of the respondents were willing to pay bribes to get things done, with Uttar Pradesh topping the list. Similarly, the survey found that 52 per cent were willing to pay in cash for property-related transactions to avoid taxes.
However, the survey has shone light on some bright spots as well. Coinciding with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Digital India push, the survey found that 76% of the respondents prefer online payments to cash - a trend that got a leg up after the contentious demonetisation move. Delhi leads the chart, with 96% preferring digital transactions.
The digital embrace, as shown by Sweden, will lead not only to a reduction in tax evasion, but will minimise corruption and create a transparent financial system.
Sociologist Dipankar Gupta told India Today that the findings reveal that most citizens understand what is right, but fail to act upon it. Gupta said the survey upends the assumption that ignorance was behind India's civic shortcomings.
GENDER ATTITUDES
The survey on 'gender attitudes' showcases a nation caught between progress and patriarchy. Rankings show Kerala again aced the gender parity test, topping the list, with Uttar Pradesh at the bottom..
Around 93 per cent of the respondents said daughters deserve the same educational opportunities as sons, while 84 per cent back women pursuing their careers outside their home state.
However, the survey revealed that 69% still bat for male family members having the final word on major household decisions. Another metric where India lags is female labour force participation at 41%, which is far below that of China (60 per cent) and the US (58 per cent).
PUBLIC SAFETY
Public safety is another factor that makes a state prosperous, with Kerala again leading the chart, followed by Himachal Pradesh and Odisha, as per the survey.
The survey shows that Tamil Nadu was the "best-behaved" state, with Karnataka being the worst. A staggering 79 per cent of the respondents in Karnataka said harassment was a frequent problem.
Even though 86 per cent of those surveyed said they felt safe on public transport, nearly 44 per cent of the women reported facing harassment.
Another telling statistic that signals a lack of trust in the system is that while 84% claimed they would report a violent crime, in cities like Delhi FIR registration remains abysmally low. For example, it has been found that only 7.2% of theft victims report crimes.
DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
While India prides itself on religious and caste diversity, biases remain across states. In this metric too, Kerala topped the rankings, with Madhya Pradesh finding itself at the bottom of the list.
The survey revealed that 70% of the respondents welcome religious diversity in their neighbourhoods. In the workplace, 60% oppose religious discrimination in hiring. Here too, Kerala leads, with 88% opposing an employer's right to discriminate based on religion
However, the striking aspect that the survey revealed is the overwhelming resistance to interfaith and inter-caste marriages, underscoring India's deep-seated social divisions. While 61% of the respondents oppose interfaith marriages, 56% are against the latter.
The survey seeks to highlight that the path to development lies not only through GDP numbers and infrastructure projects, but also through revolutions in social metrics like diversity and gender equality.
METHODOLOGY
The Gross Domestic Behaviour survey was conducted by the India Today Group in collaboration with How India Lives (HIL) and Kadence International. The survey polled 9,188 respondents from 98 districts across 21 states and one Union Territory. Of the participants, 54.4 per cent people were from urban centres while 45.6 per cent were from rural areas.
The survey asked a total of 30 questions grouped in four broad themes: Civic Behaviour (participation in community activities, following public rules) - 12 questions; Public Safety (trust in law enforcement, personal security perceptions) - 6 questions; Gender Attitudes (views on gender roles and equality) - 7 questions; and Diversity and Discrimination (biases based on caste, religion, or ethnicity) - 5 questions.
https://gdb.indiatoday.in/